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Evidence Grade Cclassification

Surgical Wound Classification System

The CDC surgical wound classification categorizes operative wounds into four classes (I-IV) based on the degree of contamination. This classification predicts surgical site infection risk and guides antibiotic prophylaxis decisions.

Patient Parameters

Enter the values below to calculate the score.

Uninfected operative wound without inflammation, where no respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract is entered.
Operative wound in which the respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract is entered under controlled conditions and without unusual contamination.
Open, fresh, accidental wounds, surgeries with major breaks in sterile technique or gross spillage from the GI tract, and incisions in which acute, non-purulent inflammation is visible.
Old traumatic wounds with retained devitalized tissue, or those that involve existing clinical infection or perforated viscera.

About

The CDC surgical wound classification was originally developed in 1964 and updated in 1985 by the CDC National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Class I (Clean): Uninfected wound without inflammation, no entry into respiratory/alimentary/genital/urinary tract. Class II (Clean-Contaminated): Entry into controlled respiratory, alimentary, genital, or urinary tract without unusual contamination. Class III (Contaminated): Open wound with gross contamination, major break in sterile technique, or acute non-purulent inflammation. Class IV (Dirty/Infected): Existing clinical infection or perforated viscera. The classification correlates with surgical site infection (SSI) rates: Class I: 1-5%, Class II: 3-10%, Class III: 10-25%, Class IV: 25-40%.

Formula

Class I: Clean. Class II: Clean-Contaminated. Class III: Contaminated. Class IV: Dirty/Infected.

Class I Clean: No infection, no entry into viscus. Class II Clean-Contaminated: Controlled entry into respiratory, GI, GU tract. Class III Contaminated: Open wound, gross spillage, break in technique. Class IV Dirty: Established infection, perforated viscus.

Score Interpretation

Surgical site infections (SSIs) occur in 2-5% of all surgeries in the US, affecting 160,000-300,000 patients annually. Proper wound classification guides appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis and helps predict SSI risk. The NNIS risk index combines wound class, ASA score, and operative duration for more precise risk prediction.

Class I — Clean1–1

Infection rate: 1-5%.

Management: Prophylactic antibiotics generally not indicated without patient risk factors.

Class II — Clean-Contaminated2–2

Infection rate: 3-10%.

Management: Antibiotic prophylaxis indicated (single dose pre-operative).

Class III — Contaminated3–3

Infection rate: 10-25%.

Management: Extended prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotics. Consider wound irrigation.

Class IV — Dirty/Infected4+

Infection rate: 25-40%.

Management: Therapeutic antibiotics. Consider delayed primary closure. Wound culture.

Reference Ranges

PopulationNormal Range
All surgical woundsClass I (Clean) to Class IV (Dirty/Infected)
Tabeeb+ Medical Review Team

Tabeeb+ Medical Review Team

MD, FACSGeneral Surgery

Expert surgical review panel.

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Example Calculation

A clean thyroidectomy: Class I. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Class II. Open colon surgery with fecal spillage: Class III. Laparotomy for perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis: Class IV.

Common Mistakes

Mistake

Classifying all abdominal surgeries as Class III.

Correction

Class II is appropriate for elective GI surgery without gross spillage. Only significant contamination or spillage upgrades to Class III.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does wound class change for reoperation?
Yes. Each surgery is independently classified based on findings at that operation. A reoperation for wound dehiscence without infection is typically Class III due to open wound.

References

  • CDC National Healthcare Safety Network. Surgical Site Infection Event. 2024.
Medical Disclaimer: This calculator is intended for use by healthcare professionals for educational and clinical decision support purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional clinical judgment.
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